I-Iron Ore Reverse Flotation: I-Cationic Collector Selection
Abaqoqi be-Cationic be-iron ore reverse flotation bakhethwa ukuze kukhishwe i-silica-bearing gangue egwelweni kuyilapho kugcinwa amaminerali ensimbi okuhlosiwe ekugxiliseni okungakhiqizi. Ukukhetha kufanele kubonise ukuthi yimaphi amaminerali athwala i-silica, ukuthi akhululwe kahle kangakanani, nokuthi umqoqi uziphatha kanjani ne-depressant, pH kanye nokucubungula amanzi. Ibanga eliphansi le-SiO₂ lokugxilisa ingqondo liwusizo kuphela uma ukusatshalaliswa kwensimbi okuhlobene kusalokhu kwamukeleka. Ngokuphakelayo okucebile nge-quartz, abaqoqi abasuselwa ku-amine bangamakhandidethi avamile, kodwa umkhiqizo owodwa noma umthamo ngeke uvumelane nayo yonke insimbi. Ama-silicates anensimbi asele, ukufakwa kwezinhlayiyana ezinhle kanye nokulungiswa kwe-reagent okungaguquki kungenza ngayinye idale izinkinga umqoqi omningi yedwa ongeke azixazulule. Ukuqonda lowo mehluko kwenza ukuhlolwa komkhiqizo kube nolwazi kanye nezingxoxo zabahlinzeki zicace kakhulu.
Yini Iqoqo Le-Cationic Lintanta Ku-Iron Ore Reverse Flotation?
Emzileni we-cationic flotation okuhlanekezelwe okuxoxwe ngawo lapha, umqoqi uthuthukisa ukuntanta kwamaminerali angadingeki ane-silica. I-iron concentrate eyinhloko itholwa emfudlaneni ongenagwebu.
| Sakaza | Ukwehlukana okuhlosiwe | Okufanele ubonise umphumela |
|---|---|---|
| Umkhiqizo we-Froth | Ukususwa kwe-quartz nenye i-ganggue esabelayo | Imaphi amaminerali anqatshiwe nokuthi ingakanani insimbi ehambisana nawo |
| I-non-froth concentrate | Ukugcinwa kwamaminerali ensimbi okuhlosiwe | Okuqukethwe kwe-silica okwamukelekayo kanye nekhwalithi yensimbi edingekayo kanye nokululama |
Ukufakwa kwe-adsorption komqoqi kungenza indawo yamaminerali ibe yi-hydrophobic kakhudlwana, okuvumela ukunamathela kumabhamuza omoya. Kodwa-ke, ama-amine angasebenzisana nezindawo ze-iron-mineral kanye ne-quartz. Ngakho-ke ukukhetha kuncike ohlelweni lokucindezela, oluvame ukufaka isitashi, kanye nekhemikhali ye-pulp ezungezile.
Izinhlayiya ezinhle zingase zingene egwebuni ngamanzi ngokungena emanzini. Lo mehluko ubalulekile: insimbi eqhweni ayifaki ubufakazi bokuthi umqoqi untantise amaminerali ensimbi.
Yiziphi Izimpawu Zensimbi Ezinquma Ukufaneleka Komqoqi?
I-Quartz ne-Iron-Bearing Silicates Idinga Ukuhlolwa Okuhlukile
Ukuhlolwa kwenqwaba ye-SiO₂ ikala okuqukethwe kwe-silica ngaphandle kokukhomba umthombo wayo wamaminerali. Izifunzo ezimbili ezinamabanga afanayo e-iron ne-silica zingaqukatha izilinganiso ezihluke kakhulu ze-quartz yamahhala, ama-silicates anensimbi kanye nezinhlayiya eziyinhlanganisela.
Ngokuphakelayo okubuswa i-quartz ekhululiwe, ukuhlolwa komqoqi kungagxila ekwenqatshweni kwe-quartz kuyilapho kugcinwa ukudangala kwe-iron-mineral. Lapho ama-silicates anensimbi efaka isandla kakhulu ku-silica, impendulo yawo kufanele ibhekwe ngokwehlukana. I-reagent esebenzayo ku-quartz ayikwazi ukucatshangwa ngokuzenzakalelayo ukususa yonke i-silicate mineral.
Isitashi singacindezela ama-silicates athile anensimbi kanye nama-iron oxides. Uma lawa mamineral ehlala nama-iron oxides, ukwandisa umthamo womqoqi we-quartz kungase kukhiqize ukuthuthuka okuncane ku-silica yokugcina. Ngokuphambene, ukwenqaba i-silicate ephethe insimbi kungehlisa ukutholwa kwensimbi okuphelele ngisho noma ukugcinwa kwama-iron oxides okuhlosiwe kushintsha kancane. Ngakho-ke ukuhlonza amaminerali kuyadingeka ukuze kuhunyushwe ukuhwebelana okusobala.
Ukukhululeka, Usayizi Wezinhlayiya kanye Nezingqimba Kushintsha Inkinga Yokuhlukana
Ikhemikhali yomqoqi ayikwazi ukudala ukukhululwa kwamaminerali. Lapho i-quartz ihlala ikhiyelwe ezinhlayiyeni eziyinhlanganisela enothe ngensimbi, leyo zinhlayiyana ezintantayo ingase yenqabe i-silica ne-ayoni ndawonye. Ngakho-ke umkhawulo we-silica oqhubekayo ungabonisa izici zokukhululwa kokuphakelayo, ngisho nalapho umqoqi esebenza ezindaweni eziveziwe zequartz.
Izinto ezinhle zethula isethi yemibuzo ehlukene. Indawo engaphezulu ingashintsha isidingo se-reagent, kuyilapho ukumbozwa kwe-slime kungashintsha indawo etholakalayo yokukhangisa. Izinhlayiya ezinhle ezinothe ngensimbi zingase ziyiswe egwebeni elimanzi. Lezi zindlela zidinga izimpendulo ezihlukene, ngakho-ke isibalo esisodwa sokululama asinele ukuxilongwa.
| Isici se-Ore | Kungani kubalulekile | Ubufakazi obuwusizo |
|---|---|---|
| I-quartz ekhululiwe kakhulu | Isekela ukuhlolwa kokwenqatshwa kwe-quartz nokugcinwa kwensimbi | Mineralogy kanye nokuhlolwa kwemikhiqizo |
| Ama-silicates anensimbi ebalulekile | Ukwenqatshwa kwe-silica kungase futhi kusabalalise kabusha insimbi | Ukuhlonza amaminerali kanye nokuhanjiswa kwensimbi |
| Izinhlanganisela ezikhululwe kabi | Ibeka umkhawulo ekuhlukaniseni nge-surface chemistry kuphela | Ukuhlolwa kwenkululeko ngosayizi wezinhlayiyana |
| Izinhlawulo eziphezulu noma okuqukethwe kwe-slime | Ingashintsha i-adsorption, isidingo se-reagent kanye nokuqeqeshwa | Ukuhlolwa kosayizi nosayizi nokutholwa kwamanzi |
Zihluke kanjani Izinhlobo ze-amine ku-Iron Ore Flotation?
Ama-Ethermonoamines nama-Etherdiamine njengabaqoqi Abaqokelwe
I-Ethermoamines kanye ne-etherdiamines abaqoqi abamele abasekelwe ku-amine abasetshenziswa ekutshengiseleni okuphambene okusansimbi. Ziyizigaba zokuqhathanisa eziwusizo, kodwa azichazi zonke iziqoqi ze-cationic zezentengiso noma ukwakheka okuhlanganisiwe.
Izakhiwo zawo zamangqamuzana ziyahlukahluka, kuhlanganise nenani lamaqembu e-amine. Lowo mehluko ungathinta ukusebenzisana nezindawo zamaminerali kanye nemvelo yesixazululo. Ukusebenza komkhiqizo nakho kuncike eqenjini elithile le-hydrophobic, ukwakheka kanye nezimo zokulungiselela. Ilebula ethi “diamine” ngenxa yalokho ayibonisi ukuthi umkhiqizo uzokhetha kakhulu noma uzodinga i-reagent encane kune-monoamine kokuphakelayo okunikeziwe.
Ukuqhathanisa okuwusizo kubuza ukuthi ikhandidethi ngayinye iwahlukanisa kanjani amaminerali angempela ngaphansi kwezimo ezihlosiwe zokucindezeleka kanye namanzi. Lokhu kubandakanya umphumela wawo ekuziphatheni kwamagwebu: abaqoqi be-amine bangaba nomthelela ekwakhekeni kwamabhamuza nokuzinza kwamagwebu kanye nokuqoqwa kwamaminerali.
Kungani I-Chemical Family Wodwa Ingabikezeli Ukusebenza
Hlola ubunikazi bezobuchwepheshe bebanga elinikeziwe kunokuhumusha igama lokuhweba njengokucaciswa kwamakhemikhali.
| Iphuzu lokuqhathanisa | Okufanele ukusungule |
|---|---|
| Ikhemikhali yomqoqi | Umndeni wamakhemikhali omenyezelwe noma izici zohlelo lwebanga elithile |
| Ukwakhiwa | Isisekelo sokuqukethwe okusebenzayo kanye nanoma yiziphi izidingo zokulungiselela ezihambisana nokuqhathanisa imikhiqizo |
| Impendulo yamaminerali | Ukwenqatshwa kwe-silica nokusatshalaliswa kwensimbi ekuphakeleni kommeleli ofanayo |
| Ukuziphatha kwegwebu | Ukuthwala amanzi, ukuphatha amagwebu kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwezinguquko zegwebu kanye nemiphumela yokuhlukana |
| Ukubekezelelana kokusebenza | Ukuthi imiphumela eyamukelekayo iyaqhubeka yini kukho konke ukuhlukahluka okuhlobene kwesayithi nokuhlukahluka kwamanzi |
Imikhiqizo ehlukene kufanele iqale iqhathaniswe ngesisekelo somthamo oshiwo ngokucacile, bese kubanga lonke lokuphendula oluwusizo. Ubuningi obusebenzayo obulinganayo bungenza okokufaka kube lula ukuhunyushwa, kodwa akwenzi amakhemistri ahlukene asebenze ngokulinganayo. Umphumela ophusile uwukuhlukaniswa okuphindaphindekayo ngekhwalithi yokugxilisa ingqondo edingekayo, okuqondwa ukusetshenziswa kwe-reagent ehlobene.
Ngabe i-pH ne-Starch Control Selection ilawula kanjani?
I-pH Ishintsha Ukucaciswa Kwe-amine kanye Nokusebenzelana Kwe-mineral-Surface
I-Pulp pH ithinta kokubili indawo yamaminerali kanye nebhalansi phakathi kwezinhlobo ze-amine ezine-protonated ne-unprotonated. Emaqenjini e-amine e-protonable, ukwanda kwe-pH kushintsha ibhalansi iye efomini elingashintshiwe. Izinguquko kule bhalansi zingathonya i-adsorption, ukuhlotshaniswa kwesisombululo kanye nokuziphatha kwegwebu.
Ngakho-ke iwindi elisebenzisekayo eliwusizo kufanele lisungulwe umqoqi kanye nensimbi ndawonye. Inani le-pH elibikwe kwenye imayini, i-amine ehlukile noma ukuhlolwa kwe-mineral eyodwa kuyisiqalo sophenyo, hhayi indawo yokubeka izitshalo.
Ngesikhathi sokuhlolwa, qopha i-pH efinyelelwe ngempela ngesikhathi sokumisa nokuntanta, kunenani le-alkali elingeziwe kuphela. Ukubhafa kwe-ore, amanzi okucubungula kanye nokungezwa kwe-reagent kungashintsha isimo esilinganisiwe. Uma ukuqhathanisa kwabaqoqi kwenziwa ngamavelu e-pH ahlukene kungahlosiwe, umehluko obonakalayo womkhiqizo ungase ubonise ngokwengxenye ikhemistri ye-pulp.
Ukulungiswa Kwesitashi kanye Nesimo Kuthinta I-Iron Mineral Depression
Ezinhlelweni ze-hematite, isitashi singavimbela i-amine adsorption futhi sisize ukugcina i-hydrophilic surface. Ingase futhi ihlanganise i-hematite enhle, engase ithinte ukuthutha ukuya egwebu. Impendulo incike kumkhiqizo wesitashi, ukulungiswa kanye nezimo zokumisa.
Ngakho-ke, ukuhlola okuchazwa kuphela “njengomqoqi kuthamo lesitashi elingashintshi” kungase kushiye okuguquguqukayo okubalulekile kungachazwanga. Rekhoda ukuthi isitashi salungiswa kanjani, ukugxila kwesixazululo sokusebenza, isikhathi sokumisa kanye nokulandelana kokwengeza. Sebenzisa indlela yokulungiselela efanele umkhiqizo othile wesitashi; ungacabangi ukuthi wonke amabanga ayashintshana.
Imithamo yomqoqi kanye ne-depressant kufanele ihunyushwe ndawonye. Abaqoqi abaningi bangakhuphula iqoqo elingafuneki noma baguqule ukuziphatha kwegwebu, kuyilapho isitashi esiningi singayixazululi inkinga ye-silica. Umphumela uncike ekutheni yimaphi amaminerali aphendulayo nokuthi ama-reagents asebenzisana kanjani ngaphansi kwezimo ezikhethiwe.
Isibonelo, uma i-silica egxilile ihlala iphezulu ngenkathi ukugcinwa kwensimbi kunamandla, thola ukuthi i-silica esele iyi-quartz ekhululiwe, i-silicate gangue ecindezelekile noma into ekhiyiwe. Lokho okutholakele kuholela ophenyweni oluhlukene. Ukushintsha umthamo womqoqi ngaphambi kokukhomba umthombo we-silica kungasitha umkhawulo wangempela.
I-Water Chemistry kanye Nokulungiswa Kwe-Reagent Kuyithinta Kanjani Impendulo Yomqoqi?
I-Calcium, i-Magnesium kanye nama-Residual Reagents ku-Process Water
Umqoqi ohlolwe emanzini ahlanzekile angase aziphathe ngendlela ehlukile emanzini enqubo yezitshalo. Ama-ion ancibilikisiwe, ama-reagents asele kanye nezinto ezimisiwe zingashintsha indawo yamaminerali kanye nokusabela kwesistimu ye-depressant–collector.
I-calcium ne-magnesium akufanele kuphathwe ngokuzenzakalelayo njengokulinganayo ngoba nje kokubili kunomthelela ebulukhunini. Imiphumela yabo incike endaweni yamakhemikhali, kuhlanganise ne-pH kanye nesistimu yesitashi. Umphumela wobulukhuni uyisizinda esiwusizo, kodwa ungase ungabonisi uhlobo lwezilwane olunesibopho soshintsho ekuziphatheni kokuntanta.
Lapho ukuhlukahluka kwamanzi kufanelekile, qhathanisa amakhandidethi usebenzisa omele amanzi wesekethe yokusebenza. Rekhoda umnikelo wamanzi abuyayo kanye nokuhlaziywa kwamanzi okutholakalayo eduze nomphumela we-flotation. Ukuqhathaniswa kwamanzi ahlanzekile abhanqiwe kanye nenqubo-amanzi kungasiza ekuboneni ukuthi ikhemistri yamanzi inegalelo yini kumehluko oboniwe; ukuhlaziya okwengeziwe kuyadingeka ukuze kubalulwe ku-ion ethile noma izinsalela.
Ukulungiswa Komkhiqizo Kuhlukile Ezimweni Zokusebenza Kwe-Pulp
Ukunyibilika komkhiqizo, ukulungiselela isixazululo sesitoko kanye nezimo zokuntanta kuyizinto ezicatshangelwayo ezihlukene. Iqoqo elincibilikayo emanzini alisisusi isidingo sokulawula i-pH ye-pulp, futhi i-viscosity yomkhiqizo ezingeni lokushisa elilodwa ayikuqinisekisi ukusebenza kwayo kokuntanta kulelo zinga lokushisa.
I-QINGQUAN ibhala uhlu lwayo umqoqi we-iron ore cationic ngokuntanta kwe-quartz, i-pyroxene namanye amaminerali e-silicate e-reverse-flotation desilication. Umkhiqizo uchazwa njengokuncibilika emanzini, ngaphandle kokuncibilika kwe-asidi okudingekayo ukuze kulungiswe. Lolu lwazi lokulungiselela lushiya i-pH ye-pulp, umthamo kanye nebanga lokushisa elifanele ukuze kusungulwe uhlelo oluthile.
Kunoma yiliphi ikhandidethi lezentengiselwano, qinisekisa imiyalelo yokulungiselela isixazululo sokusebenza kanye nesisekelo somthamo webanga elinikeziwe. Hlukanisa okuqukethwe okusebenzayo nokugxila kwesixazululo sokusebenza futhi, lapho kufanele, izinga lomkhiqizo lokungathathi hlangothi. Rekhoda ukulungiswa kwamanzi kanye namazinga okushisa e-pulp ngokuhlukana lapho izinga lokushisa liyingxenye yophenyo. Ukulungiselela okungaguquguquki kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukunquma ukuthi impendulo ye-flotation eshintshile ivela kukhemistry eseselini noma ekulethweni kwe-reagent engahambisani.
I-Silica Ephezulu Nokulahlekelwa Kwensimbi Kwembulani?
I-silica egxilile kakhulu kanye ne-iron eyengeziwe egwetshweni kuwukubhekwa okufanele kuphenywe, hhayi ukuxilonga okuphelele. Ukuhlola okulandelayo kusiza ukuhlobanisa lokho okubonwayo nezimo zamaminerali kanye ne-reagent osekuxoxwe ngayo.
| Ukubuka | Incazelo engenzeka ukuphenywa | Ubufakazi bokuqala okufanele buhlolwe |
|---|---|---|
| I-SiO₂ yokugxilisa ingqondo ihlala iphezulu | Iqoqo le-quartz elibi, impendulo ehlukile ye-silicate noma i-ganggue ekhiyiwe | Umthombo wamaminerali we-silica esele, ukukhululwa kanye nokulinganisa kosayizi ngosayizi |
| Umqoqi omningi unikeza ukuthuthukiswa okuncane kwe-silica | Imikhawulo yokukhulula, ukusebenzisana kwe-reagent, ukulethwa okungaguquki noma ukuziphatha okushintshile kwegwebu | Izinga lokungeza eliqinisekisiwe, i-pH, izimo zesitashi nokuhlolwa kwayo yomibili imikhiqizo |
| I-SiO₂ iyehla kodwa ukululama okuphelele kwensimbi nakho kuyehla | Ukulahleka kwamaminerali ensimbi okuhlosiwe noma ukwenqatshwa okuhlosiwe kwe-ganggue enensimbi | Ubunikazi bamaminerali kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwensimbi kugwebu |
| Igwebu liba manzi futhi liqukethe insimbi ecolekileyo kakhulu | Ukwanda kokuzikhandla kungase kube nomthelela | Ukubuyiswa kwamanzi, ukusatshalaliswa kosayizi wezinhlayiyana kanye nobufakazi obunamaminerali |
| Imiphumela iyashintsha lapho ukusetshenziswa kwamanzi okubuyisela kwanda | Izinhlobo ezincibilikisiwe ezishintshile, ama-reagents asele noma izinto ezimisiwe | Ukuhlaziywa kwamanzi okumelela kanye nokuqhathaniswa kwamanzi okulawulwayo |
Ukuhlukanisa ukuntanta kweqiniso ekungeneni kubaluleke kakhulu ezinhlayiyeni ezinhle. Ekuntanteni kweqiniso, izinhlayiya ezifanele ze-hydrophobic zinamathela kumabhamuza; ukungena kuthutha izinhlayiya egwebuni ngamanzi ngaphandle kokudinga okunamathiselwe kwebhamuza. Igwebu elimanzi liyisizathu sokuhlola ukubuyiswa kwamanzi kanye nosayizi wezinhlayiyana, kodwa akufakazeli ukuthi konke ukulahleka kwensimbi okuphawuliwe kuwukungena.
Ngokufanayo, ukuhlolwa kwe-iron okuphelele akukwazi ukukhomba amaminerali aphethe leyo nsimbi. I-froth ingase ibe ne-hematite, i-magnetite, i-silicates enensimbi noma izinhlayiya eziyinhlanganisela. Uma inhloso ihlanganisa ukwenqaba i-silicate ephethe insimbi, ukwehla okuthile ekubuyiseni okuphelele kwensimbi kungahambisana nokuhlukaniswa okuhlosiwe. Ukuthi lokho kuhwebelana kuyamukeleka yini kuncike ezidingweni zokugxilisa ingqondo kanye nebhalansi yangempela yezimbiwa.
Yimiphi Imiphumela Yokuhlola Esekela Ukukhetha Komqoqi?
Ikhandidethi lifanelwe ukuhlolwa okwengeziwe uma ukuhlukaniswa kwalo kuphindaphindwa ngekhwalithi yokugxilisa ingqondo edingekayo ngaphansi kwezimo zokumela abanye. Ivolumu yegwebu elikhudlwana noma i-assay eyodwa ye-silica ephansi ayanele.
| Iqembu lomphumela | Ulwazi oluncane okufanele lugcinwe |
|---|---|
| Gxila ikhwalithi | I-Total Fe, i-SiO₂ nezinye izidingo zekhwalithi ezifanele |
| Ukusatshalaliswa kwensimbi | Ukubuyiselwa okuphelele kwe-Fe, ukubika kwensimbi kumagwebu kanye nobufakazi obuthile obunamaminerali lapho kudingeka khona |
| Okokufaka kwe-reagent | Ubunikazi bomkhiqizo, umthamo, isisekelo sokuqukethwe okusebenzayo uma kwaziwa, kanye nesisekelo sokubala esifana nesisindo sokudla okomile |
| Izimo zokuhlola | Isampula ye-ore, isigaba sokucubungula, i-pH, uhlelo lwesitashi, umthombo wamanzi nezimo zokusebenza ezifanele |
Bala inani lokutholwa kwe-Fe kusukela kuquqaba elomile kanye nesamba sokuhlolwa kwe-Fe kokuphakelayo okuhambisanayo nokusakazwa komkhiqizo. Qhathanisa imingcele yenqubo efanayo: umphumela wesiteji esisodwa awukwazi ukuthathwa njengomphumela wokugcina wesekethe ngaphandle kokubala okunye ukusakaza nezigaba. Ukubuyiselwa okuphelele kwe-Fe akuyona i-hematite noma i-magnetite recovery; lezo zidinga ulwazi olufanele lwesigaba samaminerali.
Linganisa amakhandidethi phezu kwebanga lokuphendula elisebenzayo, ugcine isampula nokungaqiniseki kokuhlaziya kubhekwe. Ukuze uthole izinqumo zokuthenga, qhathanisa ukusetshenziswa kwe-reagent okulethiwe ngekhwalithi ye-concentrate efanayo kanye nomphumela wensimbi ohlobene. Intengo ephansi ngekhilogremu ngayinye ayikwazi ukusungula ukuhlukaniswa kwezindleko eziphansi uma umthamo noma ukukhiqizwa kwe-concentrate eyamukelekayo kwehluka.
Yini Okufanele Uyiqinisekise Ngaphambi Kokufaka Uhlu Olufushane Umqoqi Wezentengiso?
Ngaphambi kokucela isincomo, hlanganisa ulwazi lwensimbi oseluvele lukhona: insimbi eyinhloko kanye namaminerali e-ganggue, ukusatshalaliswa kosayizi wesiphakeli, imiphumela yamanje ye-concentrate, ikhwalithi okuhlosiwe, amanzi okucubungula kanye nohlelo olukhona lwe-reagent. Yisho inkinga eyinhloko ngokucacile—ngokwesibonelo, i-silica eqhubekayo engxenyeni ethile kasayizi noma i-ayoni eningi ecolekile egwelweni ngemva kokushintsha kwamanzi.
Cela umphakeli ukuthi aqinisekise ibanga elithile, isicelo esihlosiwe, imiyalelo yokulungiselela, imibhalo yezobuchwepheshe etholakalayo kanye nolwazi oludingekayo ukuze kuhlolwe okufanele. Cacisa noma iyiphi idatha yomkhiqizo edingekayo ukuze utolike ukuqhathaniswa kwemithamo. Gwema ukucabanga ukuthi incazelo yomkhiqizo ojwayelekile ichaza iwindi lokusebenza elihloliwe lensimbi yakho.
I-QINGQUAN ihlanganisa umqoqi we-iron ore cationic kuyo ama-reagents e-flotation. Ukuxoxa ngokufaneleka kwayo, yabelana ngezimo zakho ze-iron ore flotation ne-QINGQUAN, okuhlanganisa i-mineralogy etholakalayo, uhlelo lwamanje lwe-reagent kanye nokucaciswa kokugxilisa okudingekayo.
Abaqoqi bohlu olufushane abafinyelela ikhwalithi yokugxilisa edingekayo enokusabalalisa kwensimbi okwamukelekayo, okuqondakalayo ngaphansi kwe-pH ehlosiwe, isitashi nezimo zamanzi. Uma ukusebenza kukhawulelwe i-ganggue ekhiyiwe, impendulo ehlukile ye-silicate noma ukufakwa kwezinhlayiyana ezinhle, bhekana nalowo mkhawulo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa umthamo omqoqi ophezulu njengesinyathelo esilandelayo.